SECONDARY TRAUMATIZATION OF VETERANS' FAMILIES IN THE CONTEXTOF THE RUSSIAN–UKRAINIAN WAR
DOI:
https://doi.org/10.17721/2616-7786.2025/11-1/11Keywords:
post-traumatic symptoms, psychosocial support, russian–ukrainian war, secondary traumatic stress, social rehabilitation, social work, veterans' familiesAbstract
Background. Secondary traumatization of veterans' family members is a complex psychosocial phenomenon that arises from indirect exposure to traumatic experiences through continuous contact with the veteran. In the context of the russian–ukrainian war, this problem has become particularly relevant, as the growing number of veterans is accompanied by increasing psychological and social challenges within their families. The purpose of the study is to examine the levels and manifestations of secondary traumatization in Ukrainian veterans' families, analyze the structure of symptoms, and identify factors determining its intensity.
Methods. A mixed-methods approach was applied. The quantitative study used the Secondary Traumatic Stress Scale (STS-15) adapted for the Ukrainian context (n = 52: spouses, parents, and adult children of veterans). The qualitative analysis of psychological counseling materials made it possible to identify key themes of secondary traumatization experiences. Participation was voluntary, with informed consent and anonymity ensured.
Results. The mean total STS-15 score was M = 25,9 (SD = 6,1), corresponding to a moderate level of secondary traumatization; over 70 % of respondents demonstrated medium or high STS levels. The most pronounced symptoms were intrusions (M = 5,3) and emotional exhaustion (M = 5,5), followed by avoidance (M = 5,1) and hyperarousal (M = 5,0). A significant correlation was found between the frequency of veterans' combat-related narratives and the STS level among family members (r = 0,64; p < 0,001). The qualitative analysis revealed five clusters: exposure to traumatic narratives, emotional exhaustion, communication difficulties, coping resources, and barriers to professional help.
Conclusions. Secondary traumatization is widespread among veterans' families, combining individual symptoms with family system dysfunctions and affecting social integration. The key factor is the intensity of exposure to the veteran's traumatic experience. The results confirm the need to implement comprehensive social support, including psychological counseling, psychoeducational programs, support groups, and community resources. The study deepens the scientific understanding of secondary traumatization and has practical significance for improving the system of social work in Ukraine aimed at supporting veterans and their families.
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